The series of pulse will form a radar waveform that contains a record of the properties and thickness of the pavement layers system. To capture the pavement layer systems, a survey vehicle was used to place an antenna that received short pulses of electromagnetic energy from the pavement. Meanwhile, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is another tool that can be used for measuring pavement thickness. This testing tool is widely used as it is easily performed with good and efficient results. The FWD data contains environmental data, layer thickness, material response functions, and traffic load information. The FWD is an experimental method of nondestructive test (NDT) which imposes an impulse load on the pavement surface through a circular steel plate where the stiffness of pavement layers system was evaluated by measuring maximum dynamic displacements. In general, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is widely used equipment or tool to identify stiffness of the pavement system. The strength of flexible pavement can be determined by the elastic modulus parameter this parameter is significant in predicting and evaluating the performance of flexible pavement when static and repetitive traffic loads are applied. The main aspects that need to be considered in road pavement management systems are an assessment of the current stiffness and the predicted pavement strength in the future. Therefore, the exact thickness of each layer should also be emphasized in order to avoid damage occurring to the pavement as a result of the traffic load and the environment.
Increased traffic load on old road infrastructure will result in a decrease in the thickness of the flexible pavement, shortening its lifespan. However, the quality of flexible pavement decreases over time and depends on the quality of the materials used, the environmental conditions, and the traffic load exerted. The objectives of pavement design generally involve the selection of building materials and ensuring that the thickness of each layer is correct to ensure that the flexible pavement layer is able to protect the subgrade from the impact of the traffic load. Pavement is designed with regard to major aspects, namely, the thickness, strength, resistance to surface water, and texture of the surface, to ensure that it can work properly. Thickness of the asphalt surface layer followed the specifications of Malaysian PWD and MDD UKM, while some of the values of stiffness obtained are higher than the standard.įlexible pavement is a composite material that consists of a mixture of aggregate, sand, bitumen, and filler material which provides a road surface with sufficient skid resistance and function to disseminate vehicle load to the subgrade and at the same time has a long life expectancy without the need for frequent maintenance. A comparison of the average thickness of the samples with the design thickness of MDD UKM showed a difference of 20 to 60%. It was found that the value of the elastic modulus of materials is between 3929 MPa and 17726 MPa. A total of fifteen locations were identified and the results were then compared with the specifications of the Malaysian PWD, MDD UKM, and IKRAM. In this study, the ERS technique was used to determine the actual thickness of the asphaltic pavement surface layer, while the shear wave velocities obtained were used to determine its dynamic elastic modulus. This technique can be used to assess the thickness of the road pavement structure and the profile of shear wave velocity by using the principle of surface wave and body wave propagation. Enhanced resonance search (ERS) is a nondestructive testing method that has been created to evaluate the quality of a pavement by means of a special instrument called the pavement integrity scanner (PiScanner).